زمان گذشته کامل
ساختار
جملات مثبت و منفی:
|
کاربرد
ما از زمان گذشته کامل استفاده میکنیم تا نشان دهیم عملی پیش از عمل دیگری در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است (گذشته در گذشته). در واقع گذشته کامل معادل گذشتهی زمان حال کامل است. (با گذشته ساده مقایسه کنید)
به مقایسه بین زمانهای حال کامل و گذشته کامل توجه کنید:
گذشته کامل |
حال کامل |
* We weren't hungry. We'd just had dinner. * I didn't know who he was. I'd never seen him before.
|
* We aren't hungry. We've just had dinner. * Who is that man? I've never seen him before.
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چند مثال دیگر از زمان گذشته کامل:
It was the first time he had ever seen a tiger.
When I arrived at the cinema, the film had already begun.
She didn't want to go to the theatre with the others because she'd seen the play before.
مقایسه بین گذشته کامل و گذشته ساده
به تفاوت میان جملات زیر دقت کنید:
When I arrived home, my wife went out.
but: When I arrived home, my wife had gone out.
زمان گذشته استمراری
ساختار
جملات پرسشی:
|
جملات مثبت و منفی:
|
کاربرد
از زمان گذشته استمراری بیشتر برای بیان کارهایی استفاده میشود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و مدتی ادامه داشتهاند ولی حدود زمانی آنها به طور دقیق مشخص یا مهم نیست.
در اغلب موارد گذشته استمراری همراه با گذشته ساده بکار میرود. در چنین حالتی، گذشته استمراری بر کارها و فعالیتهای طولانیتر (در پسزمینه) دلالت میکند، در حالی که گذشته ساده بر کارها و فعالیتهایی دلالت میکند که در میانه کارهای طولانیتر واقع شدهاند.
بطور کلی «گذشته استمراری» در موارد زیر بکار میرود:
1- برای بیان کاری که قبل از زمان خاصی در گذشته آغاز شده و احتمالاً پس از آن نیز ادامه داشته است:
'What were you doing at 6.00?' 'I
was having breakfast.'
(.ساعت
6 چکار میکردید؟ داشتم صبحانه میخوردم)
2- برای بیان کار یا فعالیتی در گذشته که به وسیله چیزی قطع شده باشد:
The phone rang when I was watching TV.
(.وقتی
داشتم تلویزیون تماشا میکردم، تلفن زنگ زد)
While I was driving home, my car broke down.
(.هنگامیکه
داشتم
به خانه بر میگشتم، ماشینم خراب شد)
3- برای بیان کار یا فعالیتی به پایان نرسیده در زمان گذشته (در مقایسه با گذشته ساده که کارهای کامل شده را بیان میکند):
I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn't finish it)
but: I read a book during the flight. (I finished it)
زمان گذشته ساده
ساختار
(last week) (yesterday) |
worked |
I, we, you, he, she, ... |
played |
||
heard |
|
|
کاربرد
گذشته ساده در موارد زیر کاربرد دارد:
1- برای بیان کاری که در گذشته و زمان مشخصی به پایان رسیده است:
We met last week.
He left yesterday.
2- برای بیان کارهایی که پشت سرهم در یک ماجرا یا داستان میآیند:
I walked into my room and sat down. Suddenly I heard a noise coming from outside. I got up and went towards the window...
3- برای بیان عادت یا شرایطی در گذشته:
When he was a child, they lived in a cottage in the jungle.
Every day he walked in the jungle to....
نکاتی در مورد هجی (verb + ed)
1- هنگامیکه فعلی به e ختم میشود، فقط d اضافه میکنیم:
loved, hated, used
2- افعال یک هجایی (یک بخشی) که به ترتیب شامل یک حرف صدادار و یک حرف بیصدا میباشند، حرف بیصدای آخر تکرار میشود:
stopped, planned, robbed
ولی اگر دو حرف صدادار وجود داشته باشد، حرف بیصدای آخر تکرار نمیشود:
looked, cooked, seated
اگر حرف بیصدای آخر y یا w باشد نیز تکرار نمیشود:
played, rowed, showed
The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to be (=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).
Subject | had been | verb-ing |
I | had been | walking |
Affirmative | ||
She | had been | trying |
Negative | ||
We | hadn't been | sleeping |
Interrogative | ||
Had you | been | eating |
Interrogative negative | ||
Hadn't they | been | living |
Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
I had been buying | I hadn't been buying | Had I been buying? |
You had been buying | You hadn't been buying | Had you been buying |
He,she,it had been buying | He hadn't been buying | Had she been buying? |
We had been buying | We hadn't been buying | Had we been buying? |
You had been buying | You hadn't been buying | Had you been buying |
They had been buying | They hadn't been buying | Had they been buying |
The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with reference to a time earlier than 'before now'. Again, we are more interested in the process.
This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past continuous and the present perfect continuous in direct speech:
The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb to be (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.
Subject | was/were | base-ing |
They | were | watching |
Affirmative | ||
She | was | reading |
Negative | ||
She | wasn't | reading |
Interrogative | ||
Was | she | reading? |
Interrogative negative | ||
Wasn't | she | reading? |
Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
I was playing | I was not playing | Was I playing? |
You were playing | You were not playing | Were you playing? |
He, she, it was playing | She wasn't playing | Was she playing? |
We were playing | We weren't playing | Were we playing? |
You were playing | You weren't playing | Were you playing? |
They were playing | They weren't playing | Were they playing? |
The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and was still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses anunfinished or incomplete action in the past.
It is used:
Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used. See list in Present continuous