ش | ی | د | س | چ | پ | ج |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
28 | 29 | 30 |
This looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'. Howeverit is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:
a. as the subject of the sentence:
b. as the complement of the verb 'to be':
c. after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition:
This is also true of certain expressions ending in a preposition, e.g. in spite of, there's no point in..:
d. after a number of 'phrasal verbs' which are composed of a verb + preposition/adverb
Example:
to look forward to, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on:
NOTE: There are some phrasal verbs and other expressions that include the word 'to' as a preposition, not as part of a to-infinitive: - to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to be used to. It is important to recognise that 'to' is a preposition in these cases, as it must be followed by a gerund:
It is possible to check whether 'to’ is a preposition or part of a to-infinitive: if you can put a noun or the pronoun 'it' after it, then it is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund:
e. in compound nouns
It is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb.
f. after the expressions:
can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, and the adjective worth: