نقل قول

نقل قول Reported speech

هنگامیکه میخواهیم گفته‌های شخص دیگری را نقل کنیم، می‌توانیم از دو حالت مختلف استفاده کنیم:

1- می‌توانیم گفته‌های شخص مورد نظر را عیناً (واو به واو) تکرار کنیم (نقل قول مستقیم):

• She said, 'It is raining.'

و یا می‌توانیم از نقل قول غیر مستقیم استفاده کنیم:

• She said that it was raining.

در مثال زیر به تغییرات ایجاد شده خوب دقت کنید:
 

چند نکته

1- در نقل قول غیر مستقیم همیشه می‌توانیم that را حذف کنیم: I told her (that) I wasn't hungry. He said (that) he was feeling ill. 2- پس از tell حتماً باید نام شخص مخاطب (اسم یا ضمیر) ذکر شود ولی پس از say چیزی نمی‌آید: He told her that ... He said that ...

جدول تغییرات از نقل قول مستقیم به غیرمستقیم

در نقل قول غیرمستقیم، فعل اصلی جمله معمولاً زمان گذشته است و نیز افعال موجود در بقیه جمله هم باید به زمان گذشته تبدیل شوند. این تغییرات به شرح زیرند:

مثال	غیر مستقیم	→ مستقیم
'I love you,' he said. → He told her that he loved her.	گذشته ساده	حال ساده →
'I'm talking on the phone,' she said. → She said that she was talking on the phone.	گذشته استمراری	حال استمراری →
He said, 'The rain has stopped'. → He said that the rain had stopped.	گذشته کامل	حال کامل →
He said, 'I've been reading for 3 hours.' →  He said that he had been reading for 3 hours.	گذشته کامل استمراری	حال کامل استمراری →
He said, 'I met him in the theatre.' → He said he had met him in the theatre.	گذشته کامل	گذشته ساده →
'I was driving carefully,' he told the police. → He told the police he had been driving carefully.	گذشته کامل استمراری	گذشته استمراری →

چند نکته

1- اگر در جمله نقل قول مستقیم از گذشته کامل استفاده شده باشد، در جمله نقل قول غیرمستقیم تغییری ایجاد نمی‌شود: Tom said, 'when I arrived, she had gone.' → Tom said when he had arrived, she had gone. 2- همیشه مجبور نیستیم که فعل را در جمله نقل قول غیرمستقیم تغییر دهیم. اگر ما چیزی را نقل قول کنیم که همچنان صحیح می‌باشد، دیگر نیازی به تغییر فعل (از زمان حال به گذشته) نیست. مثلاً: 'He loves ice-cream,' his mother said. → His mother said that he loves (or loved) ice-cream. (he still loves ice-cream) در مثال بالا پر واضح است که او (he) همچنان به بستنی علاقمند است و دلیلی ندارد این علاقمندی تغییر کرده باشد.

افعال کمکی وجهی در نقل قول غیرمستقیم

در نقل قول غیرمستقیم افعال کمکی وجهی may ،can ،will و shall به might، could، would و should تبدیل می‌شوند. یعنی:

نقل قول غیرمستقیم WOULD, COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD

تبدیل می‌شود به →

نقل قول مستقیم will, can, MAY, SHALL

مثال:

• 'I will sell my car,' he told me.
  He told me that he would sell his car.

• 'I can help you,' he said.
  He said he could help me.

• 'The teacher may be ill,' he said.
  He said that the teacher might be ill.

ولی افعال کمکی used to، ought to و must در جملات نقل قول غیرمستقیم تغییری نمی‌کنند:

• I told her that I used to smoke twenty a day.

تغییرات لازم دیگر در نقل قول غیرمستقیم

در نقل قول غیرمستقیم علاوه بر تغییراتی که در افعال صورت می‌گیرد، در بعضی دیگر از اقسام کلمه، از جمله قیدها نیز تغییراتی ایجاد می‌شود که در جدول زیر بعضی از آنها را می‌بینید:

غیرمستقیم	مستقیم→
that	this
those	these
there	here
then	now
that day	today
the previous day / the day before	yesterday
the next day / the following day	tomorrow
the following week / year ...	next week / year ...
the previous week / year ...	last week / year ...

چند مثال:

• 'I like it here,' he said.
  He said that he liked it there.

• He said, 'We'll visit the factory tomorrow.'
  He said that he would visit the factory the next day.

Reported Speech: orders, requests & suggestions

ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS

1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.

Example

• He told me to go away.

The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.

(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.

Examples

• a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!".  The doctor told me to stop smoking.
• "Get out of the car!" said the policeman.  The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
• "Could you please be quiet," she said.  She asked me to be quiet.
• The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"  The man with the gun warned us not to move.

(See also section on Verbs followed by infinitive and Verbs followed by gerund)

2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern ask + for + object:

Examples

• "Can I have an apple?", she asked.  She asked for an apple
• "Can I have the newspaper, please?"  He asked for the newspaper.
• "May I have a glass of water?" he said.  He asked for a glass of water.
• "Sugar, please."  She asked for the sugar.
• "Could I have three kilos of onions?"  He asked for three kilos of onions.

3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:

• She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?"  She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.

Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.

Examples

• "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother.  My mothersuggested I see the dentist.
• The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush".  The dentistrecommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
• My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting."  My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
• "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said.  She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.

Notes

Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
See also Summary of Reporting Verbs.

REPORTED SPEECH: hopes,intentions & promises

HOPES, INTENTIONS & PROMISES

When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

"I'll pay you the money tomorrow." 
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.

Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.

Examples

• "I'll be back by lunchtime."
• He promised to be back by lunchtime.
• He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
• "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
• They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
• They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
• "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
• He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
• He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.

Note: see also Summary of Reporting Verbs.

Reported Speech: Summary of reporting verbs

Summary of reporting verbs

Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.

1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:

ask know remember

say see

2. Verbs followed by a that-clause:

add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny

doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat

reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn

3. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

decide expect guarantee hope

promise swear threaten

4. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should 
(but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):

advise beg demand

insist prefer propose

recommend request suggest

5. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:

decide describe discover discuss explain forget guess

imagine know learn realise remember reveal say

see suggest  teach tell think understand wonder

6. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive

advise ask beg command

forbid instruct invite

teach tell warn

REPORTED SPEECH: CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE

Time/place references change when using reported speech

Example

• "I will see you here tomorrow", she said.  She said that she would see me there the next day.

The most common of these changes are shown below:

Today		that day
"I saw him today", she said.		She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday		the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.		She said that she had seen him theday before.
The day before yesterday		two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.		He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow		the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said		He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow		in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.		They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year		the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.		She said that she had an appointmentthe following week.
Last week/month/year		the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.		He told us that he had been on holidaythe previous week.
ago		before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.		He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)		that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.		She said she was getting a new carthat week.
this/that (adjectives)		the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked		He asked if I liked the shirt.
here		there
He said, "I live here".		He told me he lived there.

Other changes:

In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own words:

• I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours  him/his/her/hers
• we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours  they/their/theirs:

• He said: "I like your new car."  He told her that he liked her new car.
• I said: "I'm going to my friend's house."  I said that I was going to my friend's house.