زمانهای مربوط به آینده

زمانهای مربوط به آینده

در زبان انگلیسی برای بیان زمان آینده از افعال و حالتهای مختلفی استفاده می‌شود که آنها را به ترتیب اهمیت در زیر می‌بینید:

1. will + verb

2. be + going to + verb

3. Present Progressive (حال استمراری)

4. will + be + verb-ing و فرمهای دیگر

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1- will + verb

از فعل کمکی will برای نشان دادن آینده در جهت‌های زیر استفاده می‌شود:

الف- پیش‌بینی: برای توصیف چیزی که می‌دانیم، یا انتظار داریم که اتفاق بیفتد:

• It will be rainy tomorrow.
   (فردا هوا بارانی خواهد بود)
   

• You will be sick if you eat all those sweets.
   (اگر همه آن شیرینی‌ها را بخوری مریض می‌شوی)

ب- بیان تصمیمی که درست در همان لحظه گرفته شده است:

• I will answer the phone.
  (من تلفن را جواب می‌دهم)
   

• I'll see you tomorrow. bye!
  (فردا می‌بینمت.خداحافظ)

2- be + going to + verb

الف- از این ساختار برای بیان برنامه‌ها و تصمیماتی که از قبل گرفته شده‌اند، استفاده می‌شود:

• We're going to paint this room blue.
  (ما می‌خواهیم این اتاق را آبی بزنیم)
   

• I'm going to be a doctor.
  (می‌خواهم یک دکتر بشوم)

ب- همچنین از این ساختار می‌توان برای بیان یک پیشگویی، مخصوصاً وقتی که براساس مدرکی در زمان حال باشد، استفاده نمود.

• She's going to have a baby. (Because she's pregnant)
  (او قرار است که یک بچه بدنیا بیاورد)
   

• It's going to rain. (It's cloudy)
  (می‌خواهد باران ببارد)

بعضی اوقات تفاوتی بین will و be going to برای یک پیش‌بینی وجود ندارد.

توجه

برای بیان تصمیمی که از قبل گرفته شده است از ساختار be going to و بیان تصمیمی که درست در همان لحظه گرفته شده است از will استفاده می‌کنیم.

3- حال استمراری (Present Progressive)

از حال استمراری برای بیان یک برنامه یا یک قرار بین افراد در آینده استفاده می‌شود و معمولاً به آینده نزدیک اشاره دارد:

• I'm meeting my friend this evening.
  (امروز بعدازظهر دوستم را ملاقات می‌کنم)
   

• They are driving to Scotland at the weekend.
  (آنها آخر هفته به اسکاتلند می‌روند)

گاهی اوقات تفاوتی نمی‌کند که برای بیان یک برنامه یا قرار از حال استمراری و یا از ساختار be going to استفاده شود، به عنوان مثال:

• We're going to see a play tonight.
  or: We're seeing a play tonight.

4- راه‌های دیگر بیان آینده

راه‌های دیگری نیز برای صحبت درباره‌ آینده وجود دارد، به عنوان مثال:

a) Will + be + verb-ing

• Next week I'll be talking about how to use a microscope.
  (هفته آینده درباره نحوه استفاده از میکروسکوپ صحبت خواهم کرد)

b) Be + to + verb

• Iranian president is to visit Russia.
  (رئیس جمهور ایران از روسیه بازدید می‌کند)

c) Be + about + to + verb

• The mayor is about to announce the result of election.
  (شهردار به زودی نتایج انتخابات را اعلام خواهد کرد)

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Verb Tenses: Future Perfect Continuous

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Future Perfect Continuous: Form

This form is composed of two elements: the future perfect of the verb to be (will have been) + the present participle of the main verb (base+ing):

Subject	will have been	base+ing
We	will have been	living

Affirmative
I	will have been	working
Negative
I	won't have been	working
Interrogative
Will	I have been	working?
Interrogative negative
Won't	I have been	working?

Example: to live, Future Perfect Continuous

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I'll have been living	I won't have been living	Will I have been living?
You'll have been living	You won't have been living	Will you have been living?
He'll have been living	He won't have been living	Will she have been living?
We'll have been living	We won't have been living	Will we have been living?
You'll have been living	You won't have been living	Will you have been living?
They'll have been living	They won't have been living	Will they have been living?

Future Perfect Continuous: Function

Like the future perfect simple, this form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions in a time between now and some future time, that may be unfinished.

Examples

• I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
• By 2001 I will have been living here for sixteen years.
• By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.
• Next year I will have been working here for four years.

Other ways of talking about the future

OTHER WAYS OF TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

1. IS TO + INFINITIVE

Form

This form is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb to be + to (am to, are to, is to), and the infinitive of the main verb without 'to'..

Subject	to be to	infinitive without to
We	are to	leave

Affirmative
She	is to	travel
Negative
You	are not (aren't) to	travel
Interrogative
Am	I to	travel?
Interrogative negative
Aren't	they to	travel?

Function

This form refers to an obligation to do something at a time later than now. It is similar to'must', but there is a suggestion that something has been arranged or organised for us. It is not normally used in spoken English, but might be found in spy stories, e.g.

• "You are to leave this room at once, and you are to travel by train to London. In London you are to pick up your ticket from Mr Smith, and you are to fly to your destination alone. When you arrive, you are to meet our agent, Mr X, who will give you further information. You are to destroy this message now."

2. BE + ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE

Form

This form is composed of three elements : the appropriate form of the verb to be, present tense, + 'about to' + the infinitive of the main verb without 'to':

Subject	be	about to	infinitive without to
I	am	about to	leave
She	is	about to	arrive

Function

This form refers to a time immediately after the moment of speaking, and emphasises that the event or action will happen very soon:

Examples

• She is about to leave.
• You are about to see something very unusual.
• I am about to go to a meeting - can I talk to you later?

It is often used with the word 'just', which emphasises the immediacy of the action:

• We are just about to go to sleep.
• Sally is just about to take an exam.

This form can also be used in the simple past tense to refer to an action that was imminent, but was interrupted. In such cases it is often followed by a 'when - clause':

• She was about to leave when he arrived.
• I was just about to telephone her when she walked into the house.

FUTURE PERFECT

Verb Tenses: Future Perfect

FUTURE PERFECT

Future Perfect: Form

The future perfect is composed of two elements: the simple future of the verb to have (will have) + the past participle of the main verb:

Subject	will have	past participle
He	will have	finished

Affirmative
I will have left

Negative
They won't have gone

InterrogativeWill we have seen?

Interrogative negativeWon't he have arrived?

Example: to arrive, future perfect

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I'll have arrived	I won't have arrived	Will I have arrived?
You'll have arrived	You won't have arrived	Will you have arrived?
He'll have arrived	She won't have arrived	Will it have arrived?
We'll have arrived	We won't have arrived	Will we have arrived?
You'll have arrived	You won't have arrived	Will you have arrived?
They'll have arrived	They won't have arrived	Will they have arrived?

Future perfect, function

The future perfect refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now.
It is often used with a time expression using by + a point in future time.

Examples

• I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.
• By the time you read this I'll have left.
• You will have finished your work by this time next week.

FUTURE WITH GOING TO

Verb Tenses: Future with Going to

FUTURE WITH GOING TO

1. Future with Going to - form

This form is composed of three elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + going to + the infinitive of the main verb:

Subject	'to be'	going to	infinitive
She	is	going to	leave

2. Future with Going to - function

The use of 'going to' to refer to future events suggests a very strong association with the present. The time is not important - it is later than now, but the attitude is that the event depends on a present situation, that we know about. So it is used:

• to refer to our plans and intentions:
  We're going to move to London next year. (= the plan is in our minds now.)
• to make predictions based on present evidence:
  Look at those clouds - it's going to pour with rain! (= It's clear from what I can see now.)

Note: In everyday speech, 'going to' is often shortened to 'gonna', especially in American English.

Plans and intentions:

• Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?
• Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?
• I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.

Predictions based on present evidence:

• There's going to be a terrible accident!
• He's going to be a brilliant politician.
• I'm going to have terrible indigestion.

NOTE: It is unusual to say 'I'm going to go to...'
Instead, we use 'going to' + a place or event:

Examples

• We are going to the beach tomorrow.
• She is going to the ballet tonight.
• Are you going to the party tomorrow night?