زمان گذشته کامل

زمان گذشته کامل

ساختار

جملات مثبت و منفی: past participle (قسمت سوم فعل) had ('d) had not (hadn't) I, you, we, they he, she, it جملات پرسشی: past participle? (قسمت سوم فعل) I, you, we, they he, she, it had hadn't

کاربرد

ما از زمان گذشته کامل استفاده می‌کنیم تا نشان دهیم عملی پیش از عمل دیگری در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است (گذشته در گذشته). در واقع گذشته کامل معادل گذشته‌ی زمان حال کامل است. (با گذشته ساده مقایسه کنید)

 

به مقایسه بین زمانهای حال کامل و گذشته کامل توجه کنید:

گذشته کامل	حال کامل
* We weren't hungry. We'd just had dinner.  * I didn't know who he was. I'd never seen him before.	* We aren't hungry. We've just had dinner. * Who is that man? I've never seen him before.

چند مثال دیگر از زمان گذشته کامل:

• It was the first time he had ever seen a tiger.

• When I arrived at the cinema, the film had already begun.

• She didn't want to go to the theatre with the others because she'd seen the play before.

مقایسه بین گذشته کامل و گذشته ساده

به تفاوت میان جملات زیر دقت کنید:

• When I arrived home, my wife went out.

• but: When I arrived home, my wife had gone out.

زمان گذشته استمراری

زمان گذشته استمراری

ساختار

جملات پرسشی: eating? playing? talking? I,  he, she, it was wasn't you, we, they were weren't

جملات مثبت و منفی: walking playing fishing was wasn't I,  he, she, it were weren't you, we, they

کاربرد

از زمان گذشته استمراری بیشتر برای بیان کارهایی استفاده می‌شود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و مدتی ادامه داشته‌اند ولی حدود زمانی آنها به طور دقیق مشخص یا مهم نیست.

در اغلب موارد گذشته استمراری همراه با گذشته ساده بکار می‌رود. در چنین حالتی، گذشته استمراری بر کارها و فعالیتهای طولانی‌تر (در پس‌زمینه) دلالت می‌کند، در حالی که گذشته ساده بر کارها و فعالیتهایی دلالت می‌کند که در میانه کارهای طولانی‌تر واقع شده‌اند.

بطور کلی «گذشته استمراری» در موارد زیر بکار می‌رود:

1- برای بیان کاری که قبل از زمان خاصی در گذشته آغاز شده و احتمالاً پس از آن نیز ادامه داشته است:

• 'What were you doing at 6.00?'  'I was having breakfast.'
  (.ساعت 6 چکار می‌کردید؟ داشتم صبحانه می‌خوردم)

2- برای بیان کار یا فعالیتی در گذشته که به وسیله چیزی قطع شده باشد:

• The phone rang when I was watching TV.
  (.وقتی داشتم تلویزیون تماشا می‌کردم، تلفن زنگ زد)

• While I was driving home, my car broke down.
  (.هنگامیکه داشتم به خانه بر می‌گشتم، ماشینم خراب شد)

3- برای بیان کار یا فعالیتی به پایان نرسیده در زمان گذشته (در مقایسه با گذشته ساده که کارهای کامل شده را بیان می‌کند):

• I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn't finish it)

• but: I read a book during the flight. (I finished it)

زمان گذشته ساده

زمان گذشته ساده

ساختار

(last week) (yesterday)	worked	I, we, you, he, she, ...
	played
	heard

منفی work... play... hear... didn't did not I, we, you, he, she, ...

پرسشی work...? play...? hear...? I, we, you, he, she, ... Did

کاربرد

گذشته ساده در موارد زیر کاربرد دارد:

1- برای بیان کاری که در گذشته و زمان مشخصی به پایان رسیده است:

• We met last week.

• He left yesterday.

2- برای بیان کارهایی که پشت سرهم در یک ماجرا یا داستان می‌آیند:

• I walked into my room and sat down. Suddenly I heard a noise coming from outside. I got up and went towards the window...

3- برای بیان عادت یا شرایطی در گذشته:

• When he was a child, they lived in a cottage in the jungle.

• Every day he walked in the jungle to....

نکاتی در مورد هجی (verb + ed)

1- هنگامیکه فعلی به e ختم می‌شود، فقط d اضافه می‌کنیم:

loved, hated, used

2- افعال یک هجایی (یک بخشی) که به ترتیب شامل یک حرف صدادار و یک حرف بی‌صدا می‌باشند، حرف بی‌صدای آخر تکرار می‌شود:

stopped, planned, robbed

ولی اگر دو حرف صدادار وجود داشته باشد، حرف بی‌صدای آخر تکرار نمی‌شود:

looked, cooked, seated

اگر حرف بی‌صدای آخر y یا w باشد نیز تکرار نمی‌شود:

played, rowed, showed

Verb Tenses: Past Perfect Continuous

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Past Perfect Continuous Form

The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to be (=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).

Examples

Subject	had been	verb-ing
I	had been	walking

Affirmative
She	had been	trying
Negative
We	hadn't been	sleeping
Interrogative
Had you	been	eating
Interrogative negative
Hadn't they	been	living

Example: to buy, past perfect continuous

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had been buying	I hadn't been buying	Had I been buying?
You had been buying	You hadn't been buying	Had you been buying
He,she,it had been buying	He hadn't been buying	Had she been buying?
We had been buying	We hadn't been buying	Had we been buying?
You had been buying	You hadn't been buying	Had you been buying
They had been buying	They hadn't been buying	Had they been buying

Past Perfect Continuous: Function

The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with reference to a time earlier than 'before now'. Again, we are more interested in the process.

Examples

• Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
• We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
• It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
• Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.

This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past continuous and the present perfect continuous in direct speech:

• Jane said "I have been gardening all afternoon."  Jane said she had been gardening all afternoon.
• When the police questioned him, John said "I was working late in the office that night."  When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the office that night.

Verb Tenses: The Past Perfect

PAST PERFECT

Past perfect, form

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Subject	had	past participle
We	had	decided...
Affirmative
She	had	given.
Negative
We	hadn't	asked.
Interrogative
Had	they	arrived?
Interrogative negative
Hadn't	you	finished?

Example: to decide, Past perfect

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had decided	I hadn't decided	Had I decided?
You had decided	You hadn't decided	Had you decided?
He, she, it had decided	He hadn't decided	Had she decided?
We had decided	We hadn't decided	Had we decided?
You had decided	You hadn't decided	Had you decided?
They had decided	They hadn't decided	Had they decided?

Past perfect, function

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

In these examples, Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:

Event B Event B

a.	John had gone out	when I arrived in the office.
	Event A	Event B
b.	I had saved my document	before the computer crashed.
	Event A
c.	When they arrived	we had already started cooking
	Event B	Event A
d.	He was very tired	because he hadn't slept well.
	Event B	Event A

Past perfect + just

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.

• The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
• She had just left the room when the police arrived.
• I had just put the washing out when it started to rain