آموزشگاه زبان های خارجی فرزین

آموزش و مکالمه زبان انگلیسی برای کلیه مقاطع تحصیلی (پیش دبستانی /دبستان/راهنمایی/ دبیرستان) با استفاده از پیشرفته ترین امکانات صوتی وتصویری در آموزشگاه زبان انگلیسی پسرانه فرزین.

آموزشگاه زبان های خارجی فرزین

آموزش و مکالمه زبان انگلیسی برای کلیه مقاطع تحصیلی (پیش دبستانی /دبستان/راهنمایی/ دبیرستان) با استفاده از پیشرفته ترین امکانات صوتی وتصویری در آموزشگاه زبان انگلیسی پسرانه فرزین.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A / AN

INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A / AN

A / AN

Use 'a' with nouns starting with a consonant (letters that are not vowels), 
'an' 
with nouns starting with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)

Examples

  • A boy
  • An apple
  • A car
  • An orange
  • A house
  • An opera

NOTE:
An before an h mute - an hour, an honour.
A before u and eu when they sound like 'you': a european, a university, a unit

The indefinite article is used:

  • to refer to something for the first time:An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
    Would you like a drink?
    I've finally got a good job.
  • to refer to a particular member of a group or class

Examples

  • with names of jobs:
    John is a doctor.
    Mary is training to be an engineer.
    He wants to be a dancer.
  • with nationalities and religions:
    John is an Englishman.
    Kate is a Catholic.
  • with musical instruments:
    Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived.
    (BUT to describe the activity we say "He plays the violin.")
  • with names of days:
    I was born on a Thursday
  • to refer to a kind of, or example of something:
    the mouse had a tiny nose
    the elephant had a long trunk
    it was a very strange car
  • with singular nouns, after the words 'what' and 'such':
    What a shame!
    She's such a beautiful girl.
  • meaning 'one', referring to a single object or person:
    I'd like an orange and two lemons please.
    The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting.

Notice also that we usually say a hundred, a thousand, a million.

NOTE: that we use 'one' to add emphasis or to contrast with other numbers: 
I don't know one person who likes eating elephant meat.
We've got six computers but only one printer.

EXCEPTIONS TO USING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

EXCEPTIONS TO USING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

There is no article:

  • with names of countries (if singular)
    Germany is an important economic power.
    He's just returned from Zimbabwe.
    (But: I'm visiting the United States next week.)
  • with the names of languages
    French is spoken in Tahiti.
    English uses many words of Latin origin.
    Indonesian is a relatively new language.
  • with the names of meals.
    Lunch is at midday.
    Dinner is in the evening.
    Breakfast is the first meal of the day.
  • with people's names (if singular):
    John's coming to the party.
    George King is my uncle.
    (But: we're having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow.)
  • with titles and names:
    Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.
    President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
    Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend.
    (But: the Queen of England, the Pope.)
  • After the 's possessive case:
    His brother's car. 
    Peter's house.
  • with professions:
    Engineering is a useful career.
    He'll probably go into medicine.
  • with names of shops:
    I'll get the card at Smith's.
    Can you go to Boots for me?
  • with years:
    1948 was a wonderful year.
    Do you remember 1995?
  • With uncountable nouns:
    Rice is the main food in Asia.
    Milk is often added to tea in England.
    War is destructive.
  • with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands:
    Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.
    She lives near Lake Windermere.
    Have you visited Long Island?
  • with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports:
    Victoria Station is in the centre of London.
    Can you direct me to Bond Street?
    She lives in Florence.
    They're flying from Heathrow.
  • in some fixed expressions, for example:
  • by car
  • by train
  • by air
  • on foot
  • on holiday
  • on air (in broadcasting)
  • at school
  • at work
  • at University
  • in church
  • in prison
  • in bed

DEFINITE ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLE

THE

Articles in English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or number of the noun they refer to, e.g. the boy, the woman, the children

'The' is used:

1. to refer to something which has already been mentioned.

An elephant and a mouse fell in love.

The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk,
and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.

2. when both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, even if it has not been mentioned before.

'Where's the bathroom?'
'It's on the first floor.'

3. in sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object:

The man who wrote this book is famous.
'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.'

4. to refer to objects we regard as unique:

the sun, the moon, the world

5. before superlatives and ordinal numbers: (see Adjectives)

the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.

6. with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:

the Japanese (List of nationalities in English), the old

7. with names of geographical areas and oceans:

the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic

8. with decades, or groups of years:

she grew up in the seventies

DETERMINERS

DETERMINERS

FUNCTION AND CLASSES OF DETERMINERS

Function

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to.

The word people by itself is a general reference to some group of human beings. If someone says these people, we know which group they are talking about, and if they say a lot of peoplewe know how big the group is.

These and a lot of are determiners in these sentences.


Classes of Determiners

There are several classes of determiners:

Definite and Indefinite articles
the, a, an

Demonstratives
this, that, these, those

Possessives
my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Quantifiers
a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc.

Numbers
one, ten, thirty, etc.

Distributives
all, both, half, either, neither, each, every

Difference words
other, another

Question words
Which, what, whose

Defining words
which, whose

The following words are pre-determiners. They go before determiners, such as articles: such and what, half, rather, quite

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Time

ADVERBS OF TIME

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often.

Examples

  • When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
  • For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
  • How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

When adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence:

Examples

  • Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
  • I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.

This is a neutral position, but some when adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different emphasis

Compare:

  • Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is more important)
  • Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a policeman's report)
  • Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)

"For how long" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence:

Examples

  • She stayed in the Bears' house all day.
  • My mother lived in France for a year.

Notice: 'for' is always followed by an expression of duration:

Examples

  • for three days,
  • for a week,
  • for several years,
  • for two centuries.

'since' is always followed by an expression of a point in time:

Examples

  • since Monday,
  • since 1997,
  • since the last war.

"How often" adverbs expressing the frequency of an action are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must):

Examples

  • I often eat vegetarian food. (before the main verb)
  • He never drinks milk. (before the main verb)
  • You must always fasten your seat belt. (after the auxiliary must)
  • She is never sea-sick.(after the auxiliary is)
  • I have never forgotten my first kiss. (after the auxiliary have and before the main verb forgotten)

Some other "how often" adverbs express the exact number of times an action happens and are usually placed at the end of the sentence:

Examples

  • This magazine is published monthly.
  • He visits his mother once a week.

When a frequency adverb is placed at the end of a sentence it is much stronger.

Compare:

  • She regularly visits France.
  • She visits France regularly.

Adverbs that can be used in these two positions:

  • frequently,
  • generally,
  • normally,
  • occasionally,
  • often,
  • regularly,
  • sometimes,
  • usually

'Yet' and 'still'

Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences, and is placed at the end of the sentenceor after not.

Examples

  • Have you finished your work yet? (= a simple request for information) No, not yet. (= simple negative answer)
  • They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative statement)
  • Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing slight surprise)

Still expresses continuity; it is used in positive sentences and questions, and is placed before the main verb and after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, might, will)

Examples

  • I am still hungry.
  • She is still waiting for you
  • Are you still here?
  • Do you still work for the BBC?

ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TIME

If you need to use more than one adverb of time at the end of a sentence, use them in this order:

1: 'how long'2: 'how often'3: 'when' (think of 'low')

Examples

  • 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day
  • 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year.
  • 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.
  • 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last year.