زمان حال ساده
ساختار
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کاربرد
زمان حال ساده یکی از متداولترین زمانها در زبان انگلیسی میباشد که برای مقاصد زیر مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد:
1- برای بیان عملی که همیشه تکرار میشود، مانند یک عادت یا رسم:
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2- برای بیان حقیقتی که همیشه یا معمولاً درست است:
The Earth orbits the Sun.
I come from Iran.
Some
animals migrate in winter.
(بعضی از حیوانات در زمستان مهاجرت میکنند.)
3- برای بیان حقیقتی که برای مدتی (طولانی) دوام داشته باشد:
I work in a shop.
She lives in a small cottage.
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زمان حال ساده اغلب با قیدهای تکرار مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند. مهمترین قیدهای تکرار (frequency adverbs) عبارتند از:
never rarely
sometimes often
usually always
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نکاتی در مورد هجی (verb + s)
1- افعالی که به x, ch, sh, ss و o ختم میشوند، به جای es ، s میگیرند:
kisses, washes, watches, does, boxes
2- افعالی که به y ختم میشوند و قبل از آن حرف بیصدایی بیاید، y به ies تبدیل میشود:
try, tries hurry, hurries fly, flies
ولی آن دسته از افعالی که به y ختم میشوند و قبل از آن یک حرف صدادار وجود دارد، تنها یک s میگیرند:
plays, buys, enjoys
See also Using capitalization - more examples
1. at the start of a sentence
2. with proper nouns (particular persons, places and things):
3. with adjectives that come from proper nouns
4. for the first and all of the main words in titles
5. For the pronoun 'I'
A hyphen joins two or more words together (e.g. x-ray, door-to-door) while a dash separates words into parenthetical statements (e.g. She was trapped - no escape was possible.
Hyphens:
Generally, hyphens are used to avoid confusion or ambiguity but today most words that have been hyphenated quite quickly drop the hyphen and become a single word (e.g. e-mail andemail, now-a-days and nowadays). In many cases though a hyphen does make the sense clear:
Hyphens and numbers
1. Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine.
2. In written fractions place a hyphen between the numerator and denominator.
[Exception] if there is already a hyphen in either the numerator or the denominator, you omit the hyphen between the numerator and denominator.
3. Use a hyphen when the number forms part of an adjectival compund:
Dashes can be used to add parenthetical statements in much the same way as you would use brackets. In formal writing you should use the bracket rather than the dash as a dash is considered less formal in most cases. However, they should not be overused nor used to replace commas although they can be used to create emphasis in a sentence.
Examples
The difference between a 'bracket' and a 'parentheses' can be a bit confusing.
Generally, parentheses refers to round brackets () and brackets to square brackets []. However, we are more and more used to hearing these refered to simply as 'round brackets' or 'square brackets'.
Usually we use square brackets - [ ] - for special purposes such as in technical manuals. Round brackets - ( ) -, or 'parentheses' are used in a similar way to commas when we want to add further explanation, an afterthought, or comment that is to do with our main line of thought but distinct from it.
Many grammarians feel that the parentheses can, in fact, be replaced by commas in nearly all cases.
The Semicolon
The semicolon is somewhere between a weak full stop and a strong comma and used to join phrases and sentences without having to use a conjunction (and, but etc.) where the phrases or sentences are thematically linked but independent.
Look at this example.
Notice how the semicolon works with the comma to enclose the connected phrases while the whole forms one logical sentence.